« آخـــر الـــمـــشـــاركــــات » |
|
أدوات الموضوع | انواع عرض الموضوع |
|
#1
|
|||
|
|||
the statement of cash flows
Purpose of a statement of cash flows: To provide information about the cash inflows and outflows of an entity during a period. To summarize the operating, investing, and financing activities of the business.The cash flow statement helps users to assess a company’s liquidity, financial flexibility, operating capabilities, and risk. The statement of cash flows is useful because it provides answers to the following important questions: Where did cash come from? What was cash used for? What was the change in the cash balance? Specifically, the information in a statement of cash flows, if used with information in the other financial statements, helps external users to assess: 1. A company’s ability to generate positive future net cash flows, 2. A company’s ability to meet its obligations and pay dividends, 3. A company’s need for external financing, 4. The reasons for differences between a company’s net income and associated cash receipts and payments, and 5. Both the cash and noncash aspects of a company’s financing and investing transactions. Review of terms Cash and cash equivalents It is a short-term, highly liquid investment. It must be readily convertible to cash and it must be so near to maturity that there is insignificant risks of changes in value due to changes in interest rate. Company, Inc. Statement of Cash Flows For the year ended December 31, 20XX Cash Flows from Operating Activities Cash received from customers Cash received as interest income * Cash received as dividend income Cash paid for cost of goods sold * Cash paid for selling expenses Cash paid for general & administrative expenses Cash paid for interest (including interest on capital leases) Cash paid for income taxes Cash that would have been paid for taxes except for “excess tax deduction” related to stock based compensation Net cash provided by (or used by) operating activities Cash Flows from Investing Activities Cash received from sale of property, plant, & equipment Cash received from sale of investments (other than trading securities) Cash received from repayment of note receivables Cash paid to acquire property, plant, and equipment Cash paid to acquire investments Cash paid out as a loan Net cash provided by (or used by) investing activities Cash Flows from Financing Activities Cash received as proceeds from issuance of debt Cash received as proceeds from issuance of stock Cash received as proceeds from reissuance of treasury stock Cash paid to repay debt (principal payment) Cash paid on principal related to capital leases Cash paid to reacquire stock (purchase treasury stock) Cash paid as dividends Cash retained due to “excess tax deduction” related to stock options Net cash provided by (or used by) financing activities Net increase (decrease) in cash Beginning cash and cash equivalents balance =Ending cash and cash equivalents balance Schedule of Noncash Investing and Financing Activities Assets for Liabilities &/or Equity Liabilities &/or Equity for Assets Liabilities for Equity and Equity for Liabilities Capital lease (acquisition of asset and obligation for lessee) A reconciliation of net income to cash provided by operations *Brackets indicate items that are normally combined Noncash revenues and expenses Net income includes items that were neither cash inflows nor cash outflows: Depreciation expense Accretion expense on asset retirement obligation Amortization of intangibles Impairment loss on goodwill and intangibles Earnings of affiliated companies accounted for using the equity method Impairment losses on other noncurrent assets Compensation expense related to stock options Net income also includes gains and losses from investing and financing activities Gain ≠ cash received (unless carrying value was zero) Even when there is a loss, cash might have been received Net income must be adjusted for these items to get the cash provided by operations – part of the reconciling schedule or “indirect method” For other items, there are revenues/expenses as well as cash flows but the amounts are different: Bond interest expense ≠ bond interest paid (if bonds were sold at premium or discount) Sales were not all collected in cash (bad debts, other changes in Accounts Receivable) Purchases were not necessarily paid for during period (change in Accounts Payable) Income tax expense ≠ income taxes paid due to deferred tax assets/liabilities as well as income taxes refunds receivable or unpaid taxes owed Pension expense is not necessarily equal to the cash flow (contribution to plan assets) Operating Activities (Usually associated with working capital accounts like Accounts receivable, inventory, salaries payable, etc.) Inflows: From sale of goods and services From receiving dividends investments From receiving interest from investments or loans From sale of trading securities** From reduced income taxes due to “excess tax deduction” related to stock options Outflows: To suppliers for inventory and other materials To employees for services To other entities for services (insurance, etc.) To government for taxes To lenders for interest To purchase trading securities** Interest expense is an operating item! Investment earnings (dividends & interest) is an operating item! Buying and selling trading securities is an operating activity! These things may not make sense to you – so “memorize.” Investing Activities (Usually associated with long-term assets) Inflows: From sale of property, plant and equipment From sale of debt or equity investments of other entities* From collections of principal on loans to other entities Outflows: To purchase property, plant and equipment To purchase debt or equity securities of other entities To make loans to other entities *except investments classified as trading securities which have been defined as operating activities (until FAS159) ** FAS159 (para. C5c) permits trading securities to be classified as operating or investing “based on the purpose for which the securities were acquired.” This standard becomes effective for 2009 financial statements. Financing Activities (Usually associated with long-term liability and equity items) Inflows: From issuance of debt (bonds and notes) From issuance of equity securities Common stock Preferred stock Re-issuance of treasury stock Outflows: To stockholders as dividends To repay or retire long-term debt, including capital leases for lessee (interest on leases is classified as operating) To reacquire capital stock (treasury stock) CLASSIFICATION – CONFUSING ITEMS TO WATCH OUT FOR Dividends are paid to stockholders and interest is paid to bondholders. Dividends paid are shown as outflows under financing activities However, FASB defined interest expense to be an operating activity Interest & dividend revenue are defined to be operating activities, too. Direct versus Indirect Presentations FASB Statement No. 95 allows two ways to calculate and report a company’s net cash flow from operating activities on its statement of cash flows. The Indirect Method Under the indirect method, net income is adjusted for noncash items related to operations to compute the net cash flow from operating activities. If you choose to use the indirect method, you must also disclose interest paid and income taxes paid during the year. The Direct Method Under the direct method, operating cash outflows are deducted from operating cash inflows to determine the net cash flow from operating activities. If you choose the direct method, a reconciliation of cash provided by operations to net income is a required disclosure. This is the same schedule that appears in a statement prepared using the indirect method The required information items on a direct method statement of cash flow (per FASB) Operating Inflows Cash collected from customers (including lessees, tenants, licensees, and the like) Interest and dividends received Other operating cash receipts, if any Operating outflows Cash paid to employees and other suppliers of goods or services (including insurance, advertising and the like) Interest paid Income taxes paid Other operating cash payments, if any Other disclosures Under both methods (direct & indirect), you must disclose noncash financing and investing activities This can be on face of the statement or in the notes to the financial statements. Examples: Trade common stock for land Convertible bonds converted to common stock Issue bonds in exchange for a building Convertible bonds converted to common stock Significant transactions should be disclosed separately. The disclosure of significant noncash financing and investing activities are required under both methods (direct & indirect) The disclosure can be on face of the statement or in the notes to the financial statements. Disclosure added by FASB 123R effective for periods beginning after June 15, 2005 The amount of cash received from exercise of share options (employee stock-based compensation plans) and the tax benefit realized from stock options exercised during the annual period ساعد في نشر والارتقاء بنا عبر مشاركة رأيك في الفيس بوك |
|
|